Operational and Marketing Strategies at Costco Wholesale Free Essay Example, 750 words

The main strategy applied involves the sale of the highest quality brands at the lowest prices that are below other retail outlets and wholesale stores. The customer s satisfaction is considered first with the products easily affordable for purchase given first priority in their stocking. Generally, the growth entity revolved around keeping a relatively low price range to lure more customers experiencing high sales that boost growth (Thompson et al, 2012). The markups applied by Costco are carefully selected to maintain the prizes at relatively low maintaining it at a record 20% below most retail prizes. The philosophy involves taking the lowest prize offered for a good and further making a lower offer on the same products to induce an increased sale margin. Marketing strategyMost customers and membership acquisition by Costco arise from word of mouth and merger with local businesses. Most advertising campaigns are restricted to a minimal entity as the services Costco offers are sel f-marketing. The low price index attributes positive feedback from the customers promoting referrals that sell the brand identity. However, amongst the three top Wholesale clubs in America, BJ offers the most competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational and Marketing Strategies at Costco Wholesale or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page By expanding the outlets and stocking a more flexible product range, more profits will be realized as the company moves towards total market share acquisition. Advertising campaigns on newly stocked products and extension of working hours may also reduce the competition level.

Many People Believe That Women Make Better Parents Than...

First, let us examine this statement ‘Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women in parenting are’ from the light of history. In the beginning of time when Man has separated themselves from God by transgression, He has declared that Man must work to earn his living whilst the woman will be the homemaker. This is the ‘foundation’ etched into the minds of Man since and has passed from generation to generation up to today. We could see this in approximately every tribe, race, community, societies, and even entire nations. Sadly, we could also see the travesty of this harmonious ‘way of life’, by†¦show more content†¦They forgot how a ginger looks like, only to ‘rediscover’ it from their sibling’s kindergarten books. How sad indeed! They have no idea how a wet market looks an d smells like. They thought foods can only be found in supermarkets. Their only remedy for torn clothes is to buy new ones. Tell me, how could any of these people be parents, yet alone be good parents and a good example to their children? Young boys start boozing in their early teens, some die in their late teens due to careless driving, some girls get pregnant at least once a year before the actual marriage†¦ Sigh! Therefore, when parents of the good old days bring their children up opposite to the preposterously overwhelming facts above, they produced some of our very own grandparents and parents, which we look at them very highly, and be proud of who they are. No doubt there are really excellent and accomplished parents out there – kudos to them (juggling work, housekeeping, and family wellbeing flawlessly), there are also equally ‘useless’ people out there, proudly calling themselves parents. They have no responsibility whatsoever on their children and their wellbeing. They only care for themselves, their position at work and in society. They could not do any better, and this feeling of guilt led them to give too much ‘pocket money’ to their children, further spoiling them. And we can clearly see who theseShow MoreRelatedShould Gay Marriage Be Allowed?2234 Words   |  9 Pages Should Gays and Lesbians be allowed to raise children? Same Sex marriage has really come out of the darkness and into society’s spotlight. It has increasingly become one of the most controversial issues in the United State of America and around the world. The public opinion varies by race, gender, class, culture, religion and in the political arena. Perhaps there have been positive shifts in attitudes towards gay marriages. 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Stockhausen’s Gesang der Junglinge Free Essays

Stockhausen became increasingly fascinated during the late ’50s with the spatial projection of music in the performance space. It can be said that Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge marked the beginning of the end of classic musique concrete. For Kontakte in 1958, using four-track tape, he devised a clever way make the sound of his tape music spin around the audience at various speeds. We will write a custom essay sample on Stockhausen’s Gesang der Junglinge or any similar topic only for you Order Now He did this in the studio using a rotating platform with a loudspeaker mounted on top. He could manually rotate the speaker up to four times a second. Stockhausen also used a specialized tape recorder called the Springer. Originally developed to lengthen or shorten radio broadcasts, it used a rotating matrix of four to six playback heads that spun in the opposite direction as the tape transport. As the tape passed the rotating playback array, one of the playback heads was in contact with it at all times. The output was equal to the sum of the rotating heads. It was characteristic of him that he could not be satisfied with Boulez’s and Berio’s derivation of music from verbal sounds and structure: there must be some general principle, which a single work would be enough to demonstrate completely – some system which a work could bring into being. Such a system he found in the organization of degrees of comprehensibility, across a range from the plainness of speech to the total incomprehensibility of wordless music. This would require electronic means. He needed â€Å"to arrange everything separate into as smooth a continuum as possible, and then to extricate the diversities from this continuum and compose with them†, and he found the way to do that through attending, between 1954 and 1956, classes in phonetics and information theory given at Bonn University by Werner Meyer-Eppler. Since, as he there discovered, vowel sounds are distinguished, whoever is speaking, by characteristic formants (emphasized bands of frequencies), it seemed it ought to be possible to create synthetic vowels out of electronic sounds, so that synthesized music could begin to function as language. Working from the other end, the whole repertory of tape transformations was available to alter spoken or sung material and so move it towards pure, meaningless sound. Around the time that Stockhausen was formulating these criteria for electronic music, the nature of his work began to change dramatically. After completing the two electronic Studien, he returned to instrumental writing for about a year, completing several atonal works for piano and woodwinds, as well as the ambitious orchestral work Gruppen. Gruppen, written for three complete orchestral groups, each with its own conductor, marked Stockhausen’s first major experiment with the spatial deployment of sound. He positioned the separate orchestras at three posts around the audience so that their sounds were physically segregated in the listening space. The groups called to each other with their instruments, echoed back and forth, sometimes played in unity, and sometimes took turns playing alone so as to move the sound around the audience. Gruppen and his other instrumental experiments of that time were Stockhausen’s bridge to his next electronic work. By the time he embarked on the creation of Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge (Song of the Youths, 1955-56), his views on the control of dynamic elements of electronic music had broadened considerably. In this creation the synthesized electronic sounds are composed according to principles analogous to those operating in vocal sounds, and the recorded voice, that of a boy treble, is carried into the electronic stream by studio alteration and editing: superimpositions creating virtual choruses, reverberations to suggest great distance, scramblings of words and parts of words, changes of speed and direction. Nothing on either side, therefore, is quite foreign to the other, and Stockhausen invites his audience to attend to degrees of comprehensibility by using a text with which he could expect them (the work was intended for projection in Cologne Cathedral) to be familiar: the German translation of the prayer sung in the Apocrypha by three young Jews in Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace (hence the title, Song of the Youths). Stockhausen’s electronic composition Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge thus attempts to integrate its biblical German text with all the other materials in the composition (Morgan 442). Even so, the choice of this particular prayer cannot have been uninfluenced by what Stockhausen could have envisioned would be the imagery of the piece, with the boy’s singing surrounded by flames of electronic articulation. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge is perhaps the most significant work of electronic music of the ‘50s because it broke from the aesthetic dogma that had preoccupied the heads of the Paris and Cologne studios. It was a work of artistic dà ©tente, a conscious break from the purely electronically generated music of WDR, in which Stockhausen dared to include acoustic sounds, as had composers of musique concrà ¨te in France. Yet the piece is entirely unlike anything that preceded it. Stockhausens’ Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge draws on unorthodox audio materials (Bazzana 74).   Stockhausen’s objective was to fuse the sonic components of recorded passages of a youth choir with equivalent tones and timbres produced electronically. He wanted to bring these two different sources of sound together into a single, fluid musical element, interlaced and dissolved into one another rather than contrasted, as had been the tendency of most musique concrete.   Stockhausen created some stir with works of very new spirit and imaginative form (Collaer 395). Stockhausen practiced his newly formed principles of electronic music composition, setting forth a plan that required the modification of the â€Å"speed, length, loudness, softness, density and complexity, the width and narrowness of pitch intervals and differentiations of timbre† in an exact and precise manner. There was nothing accidental about this combination of voices and electronic sounds. At thirteen minutes and fourteen seconds, Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was longer than any previous worked realized at the Cologne studio. It was a â€Å"composed† work, using a visual score showing the placement of sounds and their dynamic elements over the course of the work. The result was an astonishingly beautiful and haunting work of sweeping, moving tones and voices. The text, taken from the Book of Daniel, was sung by a boys’ choir as single syllables and whole words. The words were sometimes revealed as comprehensible sounds, and at other times merely as â€Å"pure sound values†. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge deals with a much greater variety of sonic material than did the earlier studies (Morgan 466). Stockhausen’s assimilation of a boy’s singing voice into the work was the result of painstaking preparation on his part. He wanted the sung parts to closely match the electronically produced tones of the piece. His composition notes from the time explain how he made this happen: Fifty-two pieces of paper with graphically notated melodies which were sung by the boy, Josef Protschka, during the recording of the individual layers. Stockhausen also produced these melodies as sine tones on tape loops for the circa 3-hour recording sessions. The boy listened to these melodies over earphones and then tried to sing them. Stockhausen chose the best result from each series of attempts for the subsequent synchronization of the layers. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge is historically important for several reasons. It represented the beginning of the end of the first period of tape composition, which had been sharply divided aesthetically between the Paris and Cologne schools of thought. The maturity of Stockhausen’s approach to composing the work, blending acoustic and electronic sounds as equivocal raw materials, signified a maturing of the medium. The work successfully cast off the cloak of novelty and audio experiments that had preoccupied so many tape compositions until that time. Stockhausen’s concept of â€Å"composing the sound†Ã¢â‚¬â€splitting it, making the changing parameters of sound part of the theme of the work—was first exercised in Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge. Rhythmic structures were only nominally present, no formal repetition of motifs existed in the work, and its theme was the continuous evolution of sound shapes and dynamics rather than a pattern of developing tones. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was composed on five tracks. During its performance, five loudspeakers were placed so that they surrounded the audience. The listener was in the eye of the sonic storm, with music emanating from every side, moving clockwise and counterclockwise, moving and not moving in space. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was originally prepared for five tape channels, later reduced to four, and its ebullience is greatly enhanced by antiphonal effects. Stockhausen himself was to apply in many later works the discoveries he had made here in the treatment of language and of space, of which the latter was already claiming his attention in Gruppen for three orchestras. But perhaps the deepest lesson of Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was that music of all kinds, whether naturally or electronically produced, is made of sounds rather than notes, and that the first task of the composer is to listen. â€Å"More than ever before†, Stockhausen wrote, â€Å"we have to listen, every day of our lives. We draw conclusions by making tests on ourselves. Whether they are valid for others only our music can show.† (Stockhausen 45-51). Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge provided a major turning-point in the artistic development of the studio, for against all the teachings of the establishment the piece was structured around recordings of a boy’s voice, treated and integrated with electronic sounds. In Stockhausen Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge electronic sounds take on a disturbing â€Å"otherness† when set in relief by the humanity of a boy’s voice, racked at times out of intelligibility, but never out of recognition, by the dissection of its speech elements. Effects such as the distant murmur of multitudinous identical voices have a dramatic impact far more direct than Stockhausen’s comments on the work would suggest; his concern is to incorporate vocal sounds as natural stages (complemented electronically) in the continuum that links tone to noise, vowel to consonant. His vivid imagination for broad effects is further revealed in the spatial direction and movement of the sound by distribution. Stockhausen was the most representative composers of a period which is still in its analytic phase (Collaer 48). Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge has subsequently become a crucial aspect of electronic composition and has helped to combat the faintly ridiculous sensation with which an audience concentrates on sounds emanating from a single â€Å"pseudo-instrument†. Stockhausen’s fanatical devotion to this art is sustained by a vision of public music rooms (spherical ideally) giving continuous performances of spatial music. However reminiscent this may seem of some deplorable cinematic techniques, complex stereophony is an altogether natural development of machine music and may help it to achieve a persuasive idiom owing nothing to instrumental practice. Works Cited Bazzana, Kevin. Glenn Gould: The Performer in the Work: A Study in Performance Practice. Oxford University Press, 1997. Collaer, Paul and Abeles, Sally. A History of Modern Music. World Publishing, 1961. Morgan, Robert P. Twentieth-Century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America. New York. Publication, 1991. Stockhausen â€Å"Actualia†, Die Reihe, 1 (1955, English edn. 1958), 45-51, (see also his ‘ Music and Speech ‘). How to cite Stockhausen’s Gesang der Junglinge, Essay examples

Change Management Concept of Study of Managemen Hilton Hotels

Question: Discuss about the Change Management of Hilton Hotels. Answer: Introduction Changemanagement being one of the most prominent concept of study of management, provides acknowledgement of various models that can be applied. Attempts have been hereby made to apply theoretical concepts ofmanagement into practical situation. It can be hereby included in the project that Hilton hotels have attained a leading position in global hospitality. Maintaining a broad portfolio of thousands of hotels and resorts all over the world is a complex task that requires in depth knowledge of concept ofmanagement principles and models to resolve various issues that create a tough competition in global market. Marriott international has succeeded in creating a better position in global hospitality as compared to Hilton hotels. The study work presented below is thereby prepared to highlight the concept of applying change management for improving communication system, relationship with stakeholders, quality of leadership, etc within the cultural environment of Hilton hotels located wit hin geographical boundaries of United Kingdom (Anderson, and Anderson, 2010). Business situation The report presented below includes a study work focusing on impact of increased level of competition within hospitality sector. Considering effect of emerging trends and economic elements within hospitality industry in general and upon Hilton business group particularly has been included there of. Number of competitors from all over the world has evolved to provide strong competition to cited organization. It is thereby important to explain the necessity of adapting new strategic change to workforce within hospitality business. Smooth functioning of cited business firm all over world can be accredited to stronger bond that has been maintained with customers, employees, shareholders, etc since years. However it is important to maintain the same accuracy in relationship with each of individual and groups having specific interest with success of firm cited. It has become important for the leaders to deliver best of their ability by applying most appropriate models of change management. Extent of efficiency in application of various models for aligning with changing trends depends directly on how efficiently these have been explained to the workforce. It is required that leaders at Hilton hotel still put in a lot of efforts for explaining the need for change in working environment so that it becomes easy to lead the hospitality world by attracting maximum travelers through excellence in service providing (Hayes, 2014). Implementation of change in the business situation Bringing about a change within organization is a two way process. It requires bringing changes on overall basis as well as within different functional activities that are followed regularly. It is therefore extremely important to manage the quality of working of each of employee so that targeted goals and objectives are attained easily. Depending upon complexity and impact of current issues, various models of change management are adopted to enable implementation of new strategic practices and organizational principles that simplify the process of change. Lewins change management model can be applied for bringing required modification in leadership style followed to lead the working team. Three steps are required to be followed for implementing new plan and structure for managing effective leadership. The process begins with analyzing the need for bringing a change in pattern of leadership. Unfreezing therefore initiates the process of change by preparing executives responsible for leading respective department of workforce (Pohl, 2010). After unfreezing stage, the process of change actually initiates wherein authoritative leadership style is adopted for bringing strategic changes whereas democratic style is applied for bringing changes that require equal participation of workforce in decision making. Finally, refreeze procedure takes place wherein management executives and leaders of cited organization are ensured that issues related to leadership pattern are resolved efficiently. Application of change management in various areas of hospitality business: Leadership Workforce working within an organization is the only part which works actively to implement any changes that occurs within organizational environment. Managers and leaders at Hilton hotel in England, Scotland and other European regions lay special emphasis on focusing on analysis of need of change within different segments that has enabled them to align with changing needs of hospitality sector. It has thereby become important for the leaders to deliver best of their ability by applying most appropriate models of change management. It is therefore extremely important to manage the quality of working of each of employee so that targeted goals and objectives are attained easily. Alignment between managers and leaders is important so that required changes are analyzed and appropriate model is selected to implement the same within different departments. Implementation of new strategies and principles begins with effective leadership style adopted to attain maximum benefits can be attained by applying Kurt Lewins model of change management. Need for bringing about changes is analyzed so as to keep a balance with changing economic, political and socio-cultural factors of geographical area within which a business segment is established. However, it is required that elements bringing about a change in hospitality world are studied and required models are applied to implement new policies and principles. Thus, changes in leadership strategies provide a boost to alignment of organizational structure and its workforce (Cameron, and Green, 2015). Stakeholders Stakeholders group of cited organization comprises of individual and organizations that hold specific interest in overall working pattern followed, to achieve targeted objectives. Extent of efficiency in achievement of organizational objectives and alignment with interest of stakeholders group has determined positive image of cited business firm within hospitality sector. Hilton group has a broad portfolio of activities carried out to provide quality services to its customers, tourists and travelers. Changing business trends and economic condition have put an urgency to implement a change wherever required. Stakeholder objectives must be fulfilled so that rivals cannot acquire even a single percentage of shareholders interest (Keppel and Wardell?Johnson, 2012). Mc Kinsey 7s model can be applied to create a stronger bond with various stakeholders as under: Creating strategy: Increasing competition has threatened very existence of cited organization against its rivals as more and more customers are pulled by attractive return on investment policies. It is therefore important to satisfy interest of stakeholders by forming a plan that provides better financial results. Forming a structure: On the basis of strategy selected previously, organizational structure is formed in such a way that it divides the cluster of activities into efficient groups and departments. System: After formation of new departments, activities are carried out in appropriate manner. The way in which various activities are followed determines creation of suitable system for implementing new strategic principles within different departments. Shared values: Hilton group works on the core value of providing quality services to its people. Hence, only new set of values and beliefs are followed with very little change in core value. Style: Changes adopted and leadership style adopted to implement the same is termed as style. Usually participative style is applied to implement changes as equal participation of all departments is required to bring maximum overall success. Staff: New plan is executed and put into practice by providing adequate training to workforce. It is important to explain the necessity of following altered strategic policies for achieving new targets to keep pace with changing trends (Kotter, 2011). Skills: It is important to provide adequate training to work force to enable them to accept new challenges and provide quality services to travelers and tourists. Success of implementation of new policies depends directly upon efficiency of work force in understanding the need for same. Communication Integration of various departments provides a boost to overall success and longer stability of a firm in international market. Effective communication can take place top-to-bottom or from bottom-to-top. Flow of information from top level generally includes issuance of guidelines and assistance to workforce. On the other hand flow of information from bottom is mostly related to problems faced by work force and employees in aligning with new plan and policies. Hilton group is an American chain of hotels and resorts located worldwide working on basis of common values and culture followed for satisfying needs of travelers. The cited business firm has established stronger goodwill value throughout number of markets located on within different geographical areas (Seddon, Calvert and Yang, 2010). However, increased competition within European regions has created a need for cited hospitality firm to develop such a communication system through which effective interaction can take place betwee n top most authority and workforce. Not only this, flow of communication is important to be maintained among chain of hotels and resorts so that they can work for achieving common set of targets and objectives. Process of bringing a change within organizational structure is a difficult one which can be simplified by building competence level among employees and motivating them to align with changed principles and communicate with each other to fasten the process of change implementation. Kotters 8 step change model can be followed for improving communication system and bringing required change in behavioral pattern of employees. The process begins wherein need for changing communication pattern is analyzed on account of increased communication gap. Such an issue might be resolved by adopting more of verbal communication unlike non verbal system so that enough of time is saved by directly transferring information to respective department. Workforce must be motivated to encourage integration for aligning with changed business environment. This ensures providing tough competition to rival hospitality firms. After gaining confidence of employees, changes are implemented by communicating them throughout business environment. Communication with workforce is important for making communication system a better one. Required assistance must be provided for enabling entire workforce to achieve maximum benefits through effective communication system. New principles and strategie s can be thus made permanent (Hughes, 2011). Thus, this model enables entire workforce to accept and change slowly and gradually according to new communication plans. Hilton have been following implementation of change through verbal communication for applying strategic changes wherein it is required to communicate with every individual working within respective departments. Conclusion It can be hereby included that surviving within hospitality business for a longer time duration providing strong defeat to rivals such as Marriott International is a complicated task for Hilton group like others in same industry. However, the issue of increasing competition and attractive return policies of rivals can be resolved by aligning with emerging trends that require bringing a change within communication system, leadership style and stakeholders relationship. Depending upon extent of urgency in bringing about a change within different segments, appropriate models are studied in depth and applied by management executives working for Hilton group. Thus, any emerging trend that brings about a change within organizational environment of an organization can be a reason accredited for improved service quality and relationship with various stakeholders. References Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010.Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Pohl, K., 2010.Requirements engineering: fundamentals, principles, and techniques. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Keppel, G. and Wardell?Johnson, G.W., 2012. Refugia: keys to climate change management.Global Change Biology.18(8). pp.2389-2391. Kotter, J., 2011. Change Management vs. Change Leadership--What's the Difference?.Forbes online. Retrieved.12(21). p.11. Kocar, V. and Akgunduz, A., 2010. ADVICE: A virtual environment for Engineering Change Management.Computers in Industry.61(1). pp.15-28. Mehanna, H., Olaleye, O. and Licitra, L., 2012. Oropharyngeal canceris it time to change management according to human papilloma virus status?.Current opinion in otolaryngology head and neck surgery.20(2). pp.120-124. Seddon, P.B., Calvert, C. and Yang, S., 2010. A multi-project model of key factors affecting organizational benefits from enterprise systems.MIS quarterly.34(2). pp.305-328. Hughes, M., 2011. Do 70 per cent of all organizational change initiatives really fail?.Journal of Change Management.11(4). pp.451-464.

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on Earthquake Prediction

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on Earthquake Prediction You have been asked to write an exploratory essay on whether earthquakes are predictable or not. Even though you have over 15 websites open in your window for reference, you can’t seem to dig up anything meaningful. Fret not, today is your lucky day because we are going discuss an extensive three-part guide on the subject. In this section, you’ll find ten very informative facts on earthquake prediction while the next section is titled 20 topics on earthquake prediction for an exploratory essay, will help you select a good topic. There’s also a sample essay on one of those topics and finally, the third part of this guide discusses how to write the essay itself. We assure going through this guide, your exploratory essay will be exceptional and help you get full credit. Here are 10 facts on earthquake prediction for an exploratory essay:   Ã‚  Ã‚  To this day, there hasn’t been a system that can predict an earthquake, big or small, with 100% accuracy. Too often predictions have been labelled false alarms. The false-alarm label has made it very difficult to differentiate a particular detection system that shows real-time and accurate predictions rather than those relying on chance or estimates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements leading up to an earthquake are multidimensional. Therefore, it is important to factor in space, magnitude and time-related aspects of the earthquake. It is important to come up with forecasts that are based on a probabilistic analysis because of the uncertainty in prediction parameters. It is not feasible that the predictions are deterministic; the forecast of seismicity should be based on statistical analysis. Even if the forecast is deterministic, it is important that its evaluation should be statistical to remove any possibilities of coincidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  One very important parameter that needs to be considered during an earthquake forecast is the focal mechanism. According to a US Geological survey by Dziewonski, Ekstrom Salganik done in 1996, the Forecasts of modern day earthquake cataloguing should include information collected from seismic moment tensor inversions. Focal mechanisms along with time-space-size are all very important parameters of an earthquake. Through them, we can calculate low-frequency seismograms or static deformation of an event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Among all the proposed methods for the prediction of earthquakes, there is a lack of quantitative theory, therefore, they should all be considered as empirical methods. Some of these methods are earthquake clustering, seismicity variations, changes in seismic velocities, anomalous animal behavior, precursory strain, hydrological signals, and variations in geochemical and electromagnetic signals. One of these methods can be considered a quantitative forecasting method, and that’s earthquake clustering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Quantitative methods can predict earthquakes far more efficiently because it’s an intricate process. Global tectonic gives us information about the strain accumulation on plate boundaries, and through various geological and geodetic methods, tectonic deformation can be measured. Another quantitative method is studying the low and state frequency deformation which occurs in faraway fields due to earthquakes through the linear elasticity theory, resulting in the prediction of earthquakes, because we are able to study the accumulated strain of earthquake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Earthquake predictions are done for a few months, a year to a decade or beyond a decade. These timescales depend on the earthquake mitigation measures or the technique used. Seismicity has an invariant scale, that’s why it’s not possible to define a real-time temporal feature scale of earthquakes. There are, however, two physical scales; the first one is connected to the propagation of earthquakes and elastic waves and the second one is about the velocity of tectonic deformation. The first scale comprises seconds or tenths of seconds due to the focal area size and the zone of extreme shaking, while the second one comprises decades or even millenniums because it’s taken from the accumulated strain mostly released by the largest earthquakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluation of earthquake predictions should also have a comparative test of null hypothesis in it so that coincidences and chance based results can be disregarded. Temporal clustering of seismicity and spatial variations should be included in the null hypothesis. It is much easier to devise null hypothesis for extreme earthquakes because their clustering is weak for at least a couple of years. Therefore, the Poisson process can at times work on behalf of null hypothesis. Though the spatial inhomogeneity of the epicenter of earthquake does create problems in the process of evaluation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer simulations of earthquakes haven’t proven to be of much help either. The calculations of fluid dynamics can be cross-referenced with the actual velocity field. While simulated synthetic earthquakes may catalogue, it needs to be matched with the real one. The problem is the spontaneous nature of seismicity; the mathematical calculations of earthquake occurrence can only be done in statistical terms. If the computer is to model seismicity, it needs to have synthetic sequence which has the same statistical characteristics of a real earthquake with respect to time and space. This is where the real problem develops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We now have the computing power and the capability to calculate mass calculations of seismic moment tensor. We can also monitor the connection of stress tensors with earthquake. Recent studies have shown that there is a relationship between stress and earthquakes. Difficulties have occurred due to the translation into the designs of stress accumulation, earthquakes and stress tensors.   People assume that if the weather can be predicted so can the earthquakes, but there are a lot of differences. Earthquakes are asymmetric in terms of time and amount of foreshocks are very negligible. Since seismicity is asymmetric in nature, it is different from the flow of fluids which are turbulent; this is why prediction of earthquakes is more difficult than the prediction of weather. These facts will significantly help you in starting your research. There is just so much that you can write about on the subject of earthquake prediction. We can also understand if selecting a topic is giving you a tough time. Not to worry, the next part will surely give you more information to go on. References: Earthquake Storms: The Fascinating History and Volatile Future of the San Andreas Fault. (2014). S.l.: Pegasus Books. Advances in Earthquake Prediction. (2008). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH KG. Earthquake Prediction with Radio Techniques. (2015). S.l.: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte. Earthquake Time Bombs (2015) Hough, S. E. (2010). Predicting the unpredictable: The tumultuous science of earthquake prediction. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kagan, Y. (2015). Earthquakes: Models, Statistics, Testable Forecasts. Chichester: Wiley Sons. Lomnitz, C. (1994). Fundamentals of earthquake prediction. New York: John Wiley Sons.

How Steinbeck Uses Foreshadowing and Settings Effectively Essays

How Steinbeck Uses Foreshadowing and Settings Effectively Essays How Steinbeck Uses Foreshadowing and Settings Effectively Paper How Steinbeck Uses Foreshadowing and Settings Effectively Paper How does Steinbeck use Foreshadowing and Settings effectively in Of Mice and Men? John Ernst Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men uses a lot of foreshadowing and clever settings effectively, which makes his novel a great book. The use of foreshadowing entices the reader and makes you want to read on. The well-described settings make a vivid image of what is actually going on and help us think what it really was like during the 1930’s. Steinbeck uses masses of foreshadowing throughout his book. For instance, Steinbeck refers to Lennie as an animal. Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George, later in the book, says â€Å"Ever’ Sunday we’d kill a chicken or rabbit. Maybe we’d have a cow or goat. † At the end of the book George kills Lennie. This is foreshadowing because Steinbeck is hinting that George would eventually kill Lennie as he said they’d kill an animal every weekend. In this case Lennie was constantly compared to an a nimal. This is effective as it reminds us that Lennie is like an animal and that George kills all sorts of animals which portrays the image that Lennie is going to be killed by George. Another example of foreshadowing, is when George and Lennie are making their way to the ranch, George says to Lennie â€Å"If you jus’ happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an’ hide in the brush. † Towards the end of the book Lennie goes back to the bush and George kills him there. This piece of foreshadowing is vital because it almost definitely tells us that Lennie is going to get in trouble. When everyone starts to neglect Lennie, George kills him in a way that can be seen as euthanasia. Killing Lennie painlessly as there was no other way out. This can be linked to another point of foreshadowing, where Carlson says â€Å"The way I’d shoot him, he wouldn’t feel nothing. I’d put the gun right there. Right back of the head. He wouldn’t even quiver. † This shows that George was loyal to Lennie and cared for him as he didn’t want him to get hurt, but just wanted to end all of Lennie’s suffering. This also ties in with the fact that as everyone started to spite Lennie, George helped him and supported him just like a father would do with his child. This father-figure theme has travelled through the whole novel and is used well by Steinbeck at the end. Furthermore, Lennie gets into trouble at numerous stages in the book and when he kept on stroking mice and always killed them, it was linked back to when he allegedly raped a woman in Weed. This pattern continued when he was working at the ranch, this time with Curley’s wife. â€Å"Oh, that’s nice,† and he stroked harder. Oh that’s nice. † Lennie said. â€Å"You stop it now, you’ll mess it all up. † Let go,† she cried. â€Å"You let go! † This is especially effective as it constantly hints that he was going to kill someone by stroking, as he killed countless mice, stroking them to death. Knowing that Lennie is a bit mentally unstable, I think it is Curley’s wife’s fault for inviting him to stroke her hair. She intentionally tempted him to touch her hair and received the consequences. Steinbeck also uses settings that make the novel interesting and lure the reader to the book. Crooks, the stable buck, is the only coloured character in the book and is not treated well and reflects how segregated America was during the Great Depression. Crooks slept in a separate room and had a terrible bed. â€Å"A long bunk filled with straw. â€Å"His bunk was in the harness room; a little shed that leaned of the wall barn. † This clearly shows that Crooks was not as well respected as the others were and that he was given accommodation that an animal would get because he is black. He is seen as not being equal and is a low class person who is not cared about. It is interesting that Steinbeck chooses to start the novel describing the place which he was born in an d knew very well. â€Å"A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green. It is clever how he mentions Soledad in the beginning and it sets the perfect layout for the story. Soledad means Spanish loneliness and this is really intriguing as the main theme of the story is loneliness, especially on Lennie. Steinbeck’s choice was well-thought as he intelligently linked the loneliness with the isolation of Crooks and also the feeling of seclusion in Curley’s wife which made her want company from Lennie. In addition, at the start of the sixth chapter the description of the setting almost literally summarises the whole chapter. A topic sentence if you like. â€Å"The deep green pool of the Salinas River was still in the late afternoon. Already the sun had left the valley to go climbing up the slopes of the Gabilan Mountains, and the hilltops were rosy in the sun. But by the pool among the mottled sycamores, a pleasant shade had fallen. † This paragraph has many details which point to failure and the dream disappearing. The stillness of the river in late afternoon represents death, danger and the fact that tension is rising. The point that the sun had left the valley is personification and brings an awareness that the dream had vanished and nothing good was left. The bit about the pleasant shade that had fallen is a big indication that there was something good, but that was now in the past and only bad was going to happen. Finally, in conclusion Steinbeck’s uses of foreshadowing and settings are extremely effective not only on the reader, but on the characters. The view of the characters is reflected on the settings and brings each and every one of them to life.

Bush Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bush - Article Example t this program successfully, Bush directed the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to set up the National Health Information Technology Coordinator (Thomson, 2014). In 2005, the HHS Secretary Mike Leavitt took initiative to establish American Health Information Community, a federally chartered commission, with intent to accomplish President Bush’s aim of having majority Americans using interoperable electronic health records within 10 years. Although this initiative started off strongly during the term of Bush, it has gradually fallen off for the recent years. As per Duane Morris report (2009), privacy and security concerns were the most potential barriers to the implementation of this initiative. Issues related to unauthorized access to records and privacy concerns prevented the implementation of technology. Some other security concerns include trespassing by an outsider, theft or loss of devices like laptop or mobile phone, or theft while transmitting information through a wireless network. In order to address the General Accounting Office’s concerns regarding information privacy, HHS initiated several projects including the commission that strategically determines the certification criteria for electronic medical records. According to GAO, it is essential â€Å"to establish the high degree of public confidence and trust needed to help ensure the success of a nationwide health information network† (Psych iatric news). In addition, unresolved debates over whether to employ an individual’s Social Security number hampered HIPAA implementation standards. Issues associated with general security practices also have weaken the scope of this policy. The higher costs related to this policy also became a barrier to the implementation of the proposed change. The concerned officials indicate that hardware and software maintenance throughout the organization involves higher costs. According to the Harvard researchers’ findings (cited in